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Bangladesh

Bangladesh is situated in the South Asia. It is bounded by India all around, except a small Burma border in the far southeast. The Bay of Bengal lies to the south of Bangladesh. The ethno-linguistic region of Bengal is formed with the merger of West Bengal and Bangladesh. In spite of the steady economic growth, Bangladesh is still counted as one of the poorest nations in the world. It is a member of Commonwealth of Nations, SAARC, BIMSTEC, the OIC, and the D-8. The Shaheed Minar is the land mark of Bangadesh, which signifies the Language Movement of the country. Bangladesh has made a prominent improvement in gender parity in schooling, mass literacy and reduction of population growth.

HISTORY:- Present Bangladesh used to be a part of historical Bengal. Bangladesh was ruled by Magadha, Maurya, Gupta dynasty. Later Shashanka established a short-lived empire, which was assumed to be the first independent kingdom of Bangladesh. Buddhist Pala Empire ruled Bangladesh for 400 years. After a short-lived Hindu reign, Islam was introduced into the land by Sufi missionaries. Mughal Empire took over Bangladesh in early 16th century. The British rule persisted from 1757 to 1947 in Bengal. After the independence of India, Bangladesh was named East Bengal and joined Pakistan. The conflict between the East Pakistan and West Pakistan over political issues led to the formation of Bangladesh’s independence from Pakistan. Bangladesh was proclaimed independent in March 1971. Civil war started off to regain the possession of Bangladesh. But with the help of India, Bangladesh finally gained independence from Pakistan on 16th December, 1971.

GEOGRAPHY:- Bangladesh is located at 24 00 N, 90 00 E in Southern Asia. The land captures total 144,000 sq km area on the surface of earth in which land area is 133,910 sq km and water area is 10,090 sq km. The coastline is 580 km long along with the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is mainly composed of flat alluvial plains with hills in the southeastern part. The lowest point is located at the Indian Ocean (0 m) and the highest point is Keokradong (1,230 m).

CLIMATE:- For the Tropic of Cancer, the climate of Bangladesh is tropical, with mild winters, hot and humid summers and humid, warm monsoon. Floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores affect the land every year.

GOVERNMENT:- Bangladesh is a parliamentary democratic country. The constitution was drafted on 4th November 1972, and was adopted on 16th December 1972. The legal system is based on English common codes. The three major branches of the government and their orientations are as follows:

Executive branch comprises the President (chief of state), the Prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.

Legislative branch comprises unicameral Parliament (345 members).

Judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court. Judges including chief justices are appointed by the President.

There are 30 to 40 active political parties, among which the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, the Awami League, the Jatiya Party, and the Jamaat-e-Islami Party are the largest. Suffrage is universal at 18.

President lajuddin Ahmed

Prime Minister vacant

Chief Adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:- Bangladesh is subdivided into 6 divisions (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet).

CULTURE:- With the works Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam Bengali literature flourished. Bangladesh is also rich in folk tales- Maimansingha Gitika, Thakurmar Jhuli, and Gopal Bhar. Baul is a famous folk genre. Apart from the Bangladeshi films, Hindi films are also very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladeshi cuisine is very close to West Bengal’s cuisine. Sari and salwar kameez are the traditional clothings for women. Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are two widely celebrated religious festivals while Hindu festivals like Durga Puja, Saraswati Puja, Buddha Purnima are also celebrated. Nobanno is celebrated when the new corns are cut. Cricket is the most popular sport but Association football, field hockey, tennis, badminton, handball, volleyball, chess, carom, and kabadi are also widely practiced.

ECONOMY:- Bangladesh is a developing country in spite of all the efforts towards economic growth. Jute and jute products are the backbone of Bangladeshi economy.

GDP/PPP (2005 est.): $301.4 billion; per capita $2,100.

Real growth rate: 5.4%.

Inflation: 6.7%.

Unemployment: 2.5% (includes underemployment).

Arable land: 55.39%.

Agriculture: rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry.

Labor force: 66.6 million; note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; agriculture 63%, industry 11%, services 26% (FY95/96).

Budget:

Revenues: $6.796 billion

Expenditures: $9.794 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt: 37.4% of GDP (2007 est.)

Industries: cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar.

Natural resources: natural gas, arable land, timber, coal.

Exports: $9.372 billion (2005 est.): garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood (2001).

Imports: $12.97 billion (2005 est.): machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000).

Major trading partners: U.S., Germany, UK, France, Italy, India, China, Singapore, Kuwait, Japan, Hong Kong (2004).

Monetary unit: Taka

LANGUAGE:- Bengali is the official language and English is also widely spoken.

CITIES:- Capital city Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh. Other large cities are Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Barisal.

POPULATION:- Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

The population of Bangladesh is estimated 153,546,901 with a growth rate of 2.0%.

Density per sq mi: 1,146

Literacy rate: 43% (2003 est.)

RACE:-

Bengali 98%

Tribal groups and non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

RELIGION:-

Islam 89.7% (Sunni 96% and Shi’a 3%)

Hindu 9.2%

Other 1.1%

HEALTH:-

Birth rate: 28.86 births/ 1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 8 deaths/ 1,000 population (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total: 57.45 deaths/ 1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.21 years

Total fertility rate: 3.08 children born/ woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 650 (2001 est.)

Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2005): 57

UNICEF:- UNICEF in Bangladesh focuses on several health projects like- 96% coverage of polio immunization and 83% coverage of vitamin A supplements, improvement in parental care, providing health workers to fight childhood diseases, fighting against iodine deficiency and provision for mother and children nutrition in poorest regions. To enhance the life style, a priority has been given to Sanitation. Over 2700 educators are making efforts to enrich mass awareness on HIV. To protect the rights of teenage girls, the projest ‘Kishori Abhijan’ is undertaken. Preschool programmes are introduced in Chittagong Hilly area.

TRANSPORTATION:-

Railways: total: 2,706 km (2004).

Highways: total: 239,226 km; paved: 22,726 km; unpaved: 216,500 km (2003). Waterways: 8,372 km; (2005).

Ports and harbors: Chittagong, Mongla Port.

Airports: 16 (2005).

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